Evander Holyfield vs. Riddick Bowe (1st meeting) - Revision history

Artur128 at 16:33, 7 April 2025

2025-04-07T16:33:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:33, 7 April 2025
Line 9:		Line 9:
	! colspan="4"\| 1+ Mth. Old		! colspan="4"\| 1+ Mth. Old
	\|-		\|-
	\| WBA \|\| 5 \|\| 31.03.1992 \|\| by 09.04.1992		\| WBA \|\| 5 \|\| 28.02.1992 \|\| by 10.03.1992
	\|-		\|-
	\| WBC \|\| ~~N/A~~ \|\| ~~N/A~~ \|\| ~~N/A~~		\| WBC \|\| 3 \|\| 01.04.1992 \|\| by 04.04.1992
	\|-		\|-
	\| IBF \|\| ~~N/A~~ \|\| ~~N/A~~ \|\| ~~N/A~~		\| IBF \|\| 3 \|\| 01.04.1992 \|\| by 09.04.1992
	\|-		\|-
	\| Ring \|\| N/A \|\| N/A \|\| N/A		\| Ring \|\| N/A \|\| N/A \|\| N/A
Line 20:		Line 20:
	! colspan="4"\| 2+ Mth. Old		! colspan="4"\| 2+ Mth. Old
	\|-		\|-
	\| WBA \|\| 5 \|\| ~~28.02.1992~~ \|\| ~~by 10.03.1992~~		\| WBA \|\| N/A \|\| N/A \|\| N/A
	\|-		\|-
	\| WBC \|\| ~~N/A~~ \|\| ~~N/A~~ \|\| ~~N/A~~		\| WBC \|\| 3 \|\| 01.03.1992 \|\| by 03.03.1992
	\|-		\|-
	\| IBF \|\| ~~N/A~~ \|\| ~~N/A~~ \|\| ~~N/A~~		\| IBF \|\| 4 \|\| 28.02.1992 \|\| 28.02.1992
	\|-		\|-
	\| Ring \|\| N/A \|\| N/A \|\| N/A		\| Ring \|\| N/A \|\| N/A \|\| N/A
Line 32:		Line 32:
	\| WBA \|\| 5 \|\| 31.12.1991 \|\| by 09.01.1992		\| WBA \|\| 5 \|\| 31.12.1991 \|\| by 09.01.1992
	\|-		\|-
	\| WBC \|\| ~~N/A~~ \|\| ~~N/A~~ \|\| ~~N/A~~		\| WBC \|\| 2 \|\| 31.01.1992 \|\| by 04.02.1992
	\|-		\|-
	\| IBF \|\| N/A \|\| N/A \|\| N/A		\| IBF \|\| N/A \|\| N/A \|\| N/A
Line 69:		Line 69:
	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|350px]]		[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|350px]]
	*On May 9, a contract was signed that guaranteed Bowe a fight against Holyfield if he defeated WBA's No. 2 ranked contender [[Pierre Coetzer]] in a title eliminator.		*On May 9, a contract was signed that guaranteed Bowe a fight against Holyfield if he defeated WBA and IBF's No. 2 ranked contender [[Pierre Coetzer]] in a title eliminator.
	*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.		*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.
	*Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the WBA and No. 3 by the WBC and IBF.		*Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the WBA and No. 3 by the WBC and IBF.

Artur128 at 16:27, 7 April 2025

2025-04-07T16:27:48Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{punchstats
 |BoxerA=Holyfield
@@ Line 30: / Line 69: @@
 == Notes ==
 [[File:SI7722.jpg|right|350px]]
-*On May 9, a contract was signed that guaranteed Bowe a fight against Holyfield if he defeated WBA's No. 1 ranked contender [[Pierre Coetzer]] in a title eliminator.
+*On May 9, a contract was signed that guaranteed Bowe a fight against Holyfield if he defeated WBA's No. 2 ranked contender [[Pierre Coetzer]] in a title eliminator.
 *Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.
 *Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the WBA and No. 3 by the WBC and IBF.

Artur128: /* Notes */

2023-11-17T15:36:32Z

Notes

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:36, 17 November 2023
Line 30:		Line 30:
	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|350px]]		[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|350px]]
			*On May 9, a contract was signed that guaranteed Bowe a fight against Holyfield if he defeated WBA's No. 1 ranked contender [[Pierre Coetzer]] in a title eliminator.
	*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.		*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.
	*Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the WBA and No. 3 by the WBC and IBF.		*Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the WBA and No. 3 by the WBC and IBF.

Artur128: /* Notes */

2023-11-17T15:34:27Z

Notes

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:34, 17 November 2023
Line 30:		Line 30:
	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|350px]]		[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|350px]]
	*Bout official no later than July 18.
	*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.		*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.
	*Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the WBA and No. 3 by the WBC and IBF.		*Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the WBA and No. 3 by the WBC and IBF.

Artur128: /* Notes */

2023-11-17T15:21:01Z

Notes

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:21, 17 November 2023
Line 30:		Line 30:
	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|350px]]		[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|350px]]
			*Bout official no later than July 18.
	*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.		*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.
	*Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the WBA and No. 3 by the WBC and IBF.		*Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the WBA and No. 3 by the WBC and IBF.
Line 41:		Line 42:
	*Before the fight, Bowe signed an agreement with the WBC to make his first title defense—if he should defeat Holyfield—against the winner of the October 31 title eliminator between No. 1-ranked [[Razor Ruddock]] and No. 2-ranked [[Lennox Lewis]], which Lewis won by a second-round knockout.		*Before the fight, Bowe signed an agreement with the WBC to make his first title defense—if he should defeat Holyfield—against the winner of the October 31 title eliminator between No. 1-ranked [[Razor Ruddock]] and No. 2-ranked [[Lennox Lewis]], which Lewis won by a second-round knockout.
	*The WBC gave Bowe and Lewis until December 13 to reach an agreement or the fight would go to a purse bid. If Bowe refused to meet Lewis, the WBC title would be awarded to Lewis. [[Rock Newman]], Bowe's manager, made two offers to Lewis. The first would have guaranteed Lewis $3 million, while giving Bowe 90% of the purse and Lewis 10%. The second offer was for Lewis to refuse the WBC title, have an interim fight in the United States for $2.5 million, and then fight Bowe for $9 million or a percentage to be negotiated. [[Frank Maloney]], the manager of Lewis, rejected both offers and countered with his own proposal: a 75-25 percent split of the purse. Newman turned it down. Maloney later had a change of heart and agreed to the first offer, but Newman told him he was too late. Newman said a deal for Bowe to defend the title against an opponent other than Lewis was imminent.		*The WBC gave Bowe and Lewis until December 13 to reach an agreement or the fight would go to a purse bid. If Bowe refused to meet Lewis, the WBC title would be awarded to Lewis. [[Rock Newman]], Bowe's manager, made two offers to Lewis. The first would have guaranteed Lewis $3 million, while giving Bowe 90% of the purse and Lewis 10%. The second offer was for Lewis to refuse the WBC title, have an interim fight in the United States for $2.5 million, and then fight Bowe for $9 million or a percentage to be negotiated. [[Frank Maloney]], the manager of Lewis, rejected both offers and countered with his own proposal: a 75-25 percent split of the purse. Newman turned it down. Maloney later had a change of heart and agreed to the first offer, but Newman told him he was too late. Newman said a deal for Bowe to defend the title against an opponent other than Lewis was imminent.
	*On December 14, 1992, Bowe held a news conference and dumped his WBC title into a garbage can. "If Lewis wants the belt, he has to get it out of the garbage," Bowe said. The WBC then declared Lennox Lewis the new WBC heavyweight champion.		*On December 14, 1992, Bowe held a news conference and dumped his WBC title into a garbage can. "If Lewis wants the belt, he has to get it out of the garbage," Bowe said. The WBC then declared Lennox Lewis the new WBC heavyweight champion.

	== Articles ==		== Articles ==

Boxsoup at 19:35, 28 April 2016

2016-04-28T19:35:17Z

Boxsoup at 03:21, 6 June 2015

2015-06-06T03:21:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:21, 6 June 2015
Line 8:		Line 8:
	\|JabsPercentBoxerA=39		\|JabsPercentBoxerA=39
	\|JabsPercentBoxerB=53		\|JabsPercentBoxerB=53
	\|PowerLandedBoxerA=		\|PowerLandedBoxerA=179
	\|PowerLandedBoxerB=		\|PowerLandedBoxerB=225
	\|PowerThrownBoxerA=		\|PowerThrownBoxerA=314
	\|PowerThrownBoxerB=		\|PowerThrownBoxerB=463
	\|PowerPercentBoxerA=		\|PowerPercentBoxerA=57
	\|PowerPercentBoxerB=		\|PowerPercentBoxerB=48.5
	\|TotalLandedBoxerA=242		\|TotalLandedBoxerA=242
	\|TotalLandedBoxerB=357		\|TotalLandedBoxerB=357

Earl at 06:13, 20 February 2014

2014-02-20T06:13:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:13, 20 February 2014
Line 22:		Line 22:
	}}		}}
	<fight>6616</fight>		<fight>6616</fight>
			*'''Unofficial AP scorecard:''' 116-111 Bowe
	*'''[[WBC]] Heavyweight Title''' (3rd defense by Holyfield)<br>		*'''[[WBC]] Heavyweight Title''' (3rd defense by Holyfield)<br>
	*'''[[WBA]] Heavyweight Title''' (4th defense by Holyfield)<br>		*'''[[WBA]] Heavyweight Title''' (4th defense by Holyfield)<br>
	*'''[[IBF]] Heavyweight Title''' (4th defense by Holyfield)<br>		*'''[[IBF]] Heavyweight Title''' (4th defense by Holyfield)<br>


	<br clear=all>		<br clear=all>
	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|~~250px~~]]		[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|350px]]
	*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.		*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.
			*Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the [[WBA]] and No. 3 by the [[WBC]] and [[IBF]].
	*Holyfield was guaranteed $5 million and Bowe was guaranteed $3 million. With their percentage of revenues, Holyfield earned around $17 million and Bowe made $5.5 million.		*Holyfield was guaranteed $5 million and Bowe was guaranteed $3 million. With their percentage of revenues, Holyfield earned around $17 million and Bowe made $5.5 million.
	*There was a crowd of about 18,000 at the Thomas & Mack Center.		*There was a crowd of about 18,000 at the Thomas & Mack Center.
Line 36:		Line 37:
	*Holyfield was badly hurt early in the tenth round by a right uppercut. Bowe went for the knockout, but Holyfield was able to survive Bowe's onslaught and come back to finish strong. At the end of the round, [[Al Bernstein]], commentator on the pay-per-view broadcast, called it one of the best rounds in heavyweight history.		*Holyfield was badly hurt early in the tenth round by a right uppercut. Bowe went for the knockout, but Holyfield was able to survive Bowe's onslaught and come back to finish strong. At the end of the round, [[Al Bernstein]], commentator on the pay-per-view broadcast, called it one of the best rounds in heavyweight history.
	*In the eleventh round, Bowe hurt Holyfield with a left hook. Holyfield tried to clinch, but Bowe stepped to his right and dropped Holyfield with a right to the side of the head.		*In the eleventh round, Bowe hurt Holyfield with a left hook. Holyfield tried to clinch, but Bowe stepped to his right and dropped Holyfield with a right to the side of the head.
	*~~The fight~~ was named [[Ring Magazine Fight of the Year\|Fight of the Year]] by [[The Ring Magazine]].		*Bowe vs. Holyfield was named [[Ring Magazine Fight of the Year\|Fight of the Year]] by [[The Ring Magazine\|''The Ring'']].
	*Round ten was named [[Ring Magazine Round of the Year\|Round of the Year]] by [[The Ring Magazine]].		*Round ten was named [[Ring Magazine Round of the Year\|Round of the Year]] by [[The Ring Magazine\|''The Ring'']].
	*~~On December 14, 1992~~, Bowe ~~vacated~~ the WBC title~~, which was then awarded to~~ [[Lennox Lewis]], ~~the #1 WBC contender. Bowe tossed his WBC belt into~~ a ~~trash can~~. The WBC ~~threatened to strip~~ Bowe ~~because he had not signed~~ to fight ~~Lewis~~. ~~Instead,~~ Bowe ~~beat the organization~~ to the ~~punch by relinquishing the championship before it could be taken away. "The~~ WBC ~~is wrong, and I will not~~ be ~~intimidated by them," Bowe said~~. [[Rock Newman]], Bowe's manager, ~~said Lewis had been offered~~ two ~~chances~~ to ~~fight Bowe for the title: a~~ guaranteed $3 million ~~with a possible payoff~~ of ~~$15 million~~ for ~~a first defense if he beat Bowe~~, or $3 million to fight ~~an opponent of his choosing plus~~ $9 million ~~and~~ a ~~share of the promotion for a followup fight with Bowe~~. [[Frank Maloney]], manager of Lewis, ~~said he would agree to~~ a 75-25 split ~~similar~~ to ~~what~~ Bowe ~~had with Holyfield~~.		*Before the fight, Bowe signed an agreement with the WBC to make his first title defense—if he should defeat Holyfield—against the winner of the October 31 title eliminator between No. 1-ranked [[Razor Ruddock]] and No. 2-ranked [[Lennox Lewis]], which Lewis won by a second-round knockout.
			*The WBC gave Bowe and Lewis until December 13 to reach an agreement or the fight would go to a purse bid. If Bowe refused to meet Lewis, the WBC title would be awarded to Lewis. [[Rock Newman]], Bowe's manager, made two offers to Lewis. The first would have guaranteed Lewis $3 million, while giving Bowe 90% of the purse and Lewis 10%. The second offer was for Lewis to refuse the WBC title, have an interim fight in the United States for $2.5 million, and then fight Bowe for $9 million or a percentage to be negotiated. [[Frank Maloney]], the manager of Lewis, rejected both offers and countered with his own proposal: a 75-25 percent split of the purse. Newman turned it down. Maloney later had a change of heart and agreed to the first offer, but Newman told him he was too late. Newman said a deal for Bowe to defend the title against an opponent other than Lewis was imminent.
			*On December 14, 1992, Bowe held a news conference and dumped his WBC title into a garbage can. "If Lewis wants the belt, he has to get it out of the garbage," Bowe said. The WBC then declared Lennox Lewis the new WBC heavyweight champion.

	== Articles ==		== Articles ==
	*[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4BcpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mYYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1913,3660214&dq=al+bernstein+holyfield+bowe+best+round+heavyweight+history&hl=en The Bulletin - November 17, 1992]		*[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1004516/1/index.htm "Let's Get Ready To Rummmble" ''Sports Illustrated'', November 23, 1992]
	*[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1004516/1/index.htm Sports Illustrated - November 23, 1992]		*[http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19921211&id=MEAjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZuoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3565,3628845 "Lewis may be tardy in taking Bowe offer" ''Gainesville Sun'', December 11, 1992]
	*[http://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/17/sports/boxing-lewis-looks-beyond-the-trash-can.html New York Times - December 17, 1992]		*[http://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/17/sports/boxing-lewis-looks-beyond-the-trash-can.html "Lewis Looks Beyond the Trash Can" The ''New York Times'', December 17, 1992]

	==See Also==		==See Also==
	*[[Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield (2nd meeting)]]		*[[Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield (2nd meeting)]]
	*[[Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield (3rd meeting)]]		*[[Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield (3rd meeting)]]

Earl at 06:34, 2 October 2012

2012-10-02T06:34:24Z

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 }}
 <fight>6616</fight>
-*'''[[World Boxing Council]] Heavyweight Title''' (3rd defending of Holyfield)<br>
+*'''[[WBC]] Heavyweight Title''' (3rd defense by Holyfield)<br>
-*'''[[World Boxing Association]] Heavyweight Title''' (4th defending of Holyfield)<br>
+*'''[[WBA]] Heavyweight Title''' (4th defense by Holyfield)<br>
-*'''[[International Boxing Federation]] Heavyweight Title''' (4th defending of Holyfield)<br>
+*'''[[IBF]] Heavyweight Title''' (4th defense by Holyfield)<br>
-== See Also ==
+<br clear=all>
 *[[Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield (2nd meeting)]]
 *[[Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield (3rd meeting)]]

Roman62: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddick_Bowe

2012-07-23T15:37:55Z

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddick_Bowe

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:37, 23 July 2012
Line 30:		Line 30:
	* Shortly thereafter Bowe relinquished the [[WBC]] title to avoid fighting [[Lennox Lewis]], his mandatory challenger.<br>		* Shortly thereafter Bowe relinquished the [[WBC]] title to avoid fighting [[Lennox Lewis]], his mandatory challenger.<br>
	* Fight was named [[Ring Magazine Fight of the Year]].<br>		* Fight was named [[Ring Magazine Fight of the Year]].<br>
			*Perhaps the only battle where Holyfield beaten before the fight with James Toney
			*Commentator Al Bernstein exclaimed, "That was the worst round ever!"

	== See Also ==		== See Also ==
	*[[Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield (2nd meeting)]]		*[[Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield (2nd meeting)]]
	*[[Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield (3rd meeting)]]		*[[Riddick Bowe vs. Evander Holyfield (3rd meeting)]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:35, 28 April 2016
Line 31:		Line 31:
	[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|350px]]		[[File:SI7722.jpg\|right\|350px]]
	*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.		*Holyfield was a 7-5 favorite.
	*Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the [[WBA]] and No. 3 by the [[WBC]] and [[IBF]].		*Bowe was ranked No. 1 by the WBA and No. 3 by the WBC and IBF.
	*Holyfield was guaranteed $5 million and Bowe was guaranteed $3 million. With their percentage of revenues, Holyfield earned around $17 million and Bowe made $5.5 million.		*Holyfield was guaranteed $5 million and Bowe was guaranteed $3 million. With their percentage of revenues, Holyfield earned around $17 million and Bowe made $5.5 million.
	*There was a crowd of about 18,000 at the Thomas & Mack Center.		*There was a crowd of about 18,000 at the Thomas & Mack Center.
Line 38:		Line 38:
	*In the eleventh round, Bowe hurt Holyfield with a left hook. Holyfield tried to clinch, but Bowe stepped to his right and dropped Holyfield with a right to the side of the head.		*In the eleventh round, Bowe hurt Holyfield with a left hook. Holyfield tried to clinch, but Bowe stepped to his right and dropped Holyfield with a right to the side of the head.
	*Bowe vs. Holyfield was named [[Ring Magazine Fight of the Year\|Fight of the Year]] by [[The Ring Magazine\|''The Ring'']].		*Bowe vs. Holyfield was named [[Ring Magazine Fight of the Year\|Fight of the Year]] by [[The Ring Magazine\|''The Ring'']].
	*Round ten was named [[Ring Magazine Round of the Year\|Round of the Year]] by ~~[[The Ring Magazine\|~~''The Ring'']].		*Round ten was named [[Ring Magazine Round of the Year\|Round of the Year]] by ''The Ring''.
	*Before the fight, Bowe signed an agreement with the WBC to make his first title defense—if he should defeat Holyfield—against the winner of the October 31 title eliminator between No. 1-ranked [[Razor Ruddock]] and No. 2-ranked [[Lennox Lewis]], which Lewis won by a second-round knockout.		*Before the fight, Bowe signed an agreement with the WBC to make his first title defense—if he should defeat Holyfield—against the winner of the October 31 title eliminator between No. 1-ranked [[Razor Ruddock]] and No. 2-ranked [[Lennox Lewis]], which Lewis won by a second-round knockout.
	*The WBC gave Bowe and Lewis until December 13 to reach an agreement or the fight would go to a purse bid. If Bowe refused to meet Lewis, the WBC title would be awarded to Lewis. [[Rock Newman]], Bowe's manager, made two offers to Lewis. The first would have guaranteed Lewis $3 million, while giving Bowe 90% of the purse and Lewis 10%. The second offer was for Lewis to refuse the WBC title, have an interim fight in the United States for $2.5 million, and then fight Bowe for $9 million or a percentage to be negotiated. [[Frank Maloney]], the manager of Lewis, rejected both offers and countered with his own proposal: a 75-25 percent split of the purse. Newman turned it down. Maloney later had a change of heart and agreed to the first offer, but Newman told him he was too late. Newman said a deal for Bowe to defend the title against an opponent other than Lewis was imminent.		*The WBC gave Bowe and Lewis until December 13 to reach an agreement or the fight would go to a purse bid. If Bowe refused to meet Lewis, the WBC title would be awarded to Lewis. [[Rock Newman]], Bowe's manager, made two offers to Lewis. The first would have guaranteed Lewis $3 million, while giving Bowe 90% of the purse and Lewis 10%. The second offer was for Lewis to refuse the WBC title, have an interim fight in the United States for $2.5 million, and then fight Bowe for $9 million or a percentage to be negotiated. [[Frank Maloney]], the manager of Lewis, rejected both offers and countered with his own proposal: a 75-25 percent split of the purse. Newman turned it down. Maloney later had a change of heart and agreed to the first offer, but Newman told him he was too late. Newman said a deal for Bowe to defend the title against an opponent other than Lewis was imminent.
Line 44:		Line 44:

	== Articles ==		== Articles ==
	*[http://~~sportsillustrated~~.~~cnn~~.com/vault/~~article~~/~~magazine~~/~~MAG1004516~~/1/~~index.htm~~ "Let's Get Ready To Rummmble" ''Sports Illustrated'', November 23, 1992]		*[http://www.si.com/vault/1992/11/23/106784579/lets-get-ready-to-rummmble "Let's Get Ready To Rummmble" ''Sports Illustrated'', November 23, 1992]
	*[http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19921211&id=MEAjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZuoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3565,3628845 "Lewis may be tardy in taking Bowe offer" ''Gainesville Sun'', December 11, 1992]		*[http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19921211&id=MEAjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZuoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3565,3628845 "Lewis may be tardy in taking Bowe offer" ''Gainesville Sun'', December 11, 1992]
	*[http://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/17/sports/boxing-lewis-looks-beyond-the-trash-can.html "Lewis Looks Beyond the Trash Can" The ''New York Times'', December 17, 1992]		*[http://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/17/sports/boxing-lewis-looks-beyond-the-trash-can.html "Lewis Looks Beyond the Trash Can" The ''New York Times'', December 17, 1992]